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This depth increases in the south, south-west and west in the Free State area where younger Triassic cover rocks overly the coal-bearing Ecca Group strata. In the main coal mining regions of the Witbank, Highveld and KwaZulu–Natal coalfields (Fig. 2(a), columns 1–3), opencast operations are utilised to extract the shallow coals while ...
Abstract. Read online. Diagenesis is one of the most important factors that affects reservoir rock property. Despite the fact that published data gives a vast amount of information on the geology, sedimentology, and lithostratigraphy of the Ecca Group in the Karoo Basin of South Africa, little is known about the diagenesis of the potentially feasible or …
Palynostratigraphy of the coal-bearing Ecca Group (Lower–Middle Permian) in the northeastern Main Karoo Basin (after Falcon et al., 1984). ... South Africa for giving us permission to sample the No. 2 Coal Seam exposed in the Inyanda Mine. We thank Stuart Clague (Exxaro) and Wlady Altermann (University of Pretoria) who encouraged us …
Depositional palaeoenvironments of the coal-bearing Permian Vryheid Formation in the east Witbank Coalfield, South Africa B. Cairncross* and A.B. Cadle Department of Geology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. ... Ecca Group at Bothaville in the Orange Free State. Hobday (1978b) reiterated …
the south and covers an area of approximately 7 000km2. After the Witbank Coalfield, the Highveld Coalfield is the next largest producing Coalfield in South Africa. The Coalfield is host to up to five coal seams within the middle Ecca Group sediments of the Karoo Supergroup. The Karoo Supergroup comprises sediments ascribed to deposition in
The Ecca Group hosts most of the South African coal seams, which are associated with certain sandstones and shales (Snyman 1998). The marine shales of the Volksrust Formation grade up into the terrestrial sediments of the Beaufort Group, reflecting a climatic change and marine water retreating (Cadle et al. 1993).
The Permian coal-bearing formations of the South African Karoo Basin play a crucial role in the study and interpretation of Gondwana's climate history and biodiversity in this time of major global changes in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Here, we report on new palynological data from the No. 2 coal seam of the Witbank coalfield, documenting …
The economic aspects of South Africa's coal deposits were last discussed in any real detail in the seminal papers of Volume II of the 1986 Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa ... The easily identifiable lithologies form a good marker below the coal bearing Ecca Group. Download : Download high-res image (892KB) Download : Download full-size …
South Africa has more than 70 per cent of the coal resources of Africa (Daniel, 1992); /n situ coal resources comprise about 121 x 109 tonnes of which about 55 x 109 tonnes are considered mine- able reserves under present economic conditions (Bredell, 1987). It is the fifth largest coal producer inthe world (1990 : 175 Mt; 1991 : 178Mt) …
The Ecca Group is a sedimentary geological unit that comprises mostly of shales and sandstones. Almost all of South Africa's coal resources and one-third of the coal resources in the southern hemisphere are in the rocks of the Ecca Group [].The coal seams is described to be horizontal throughout in the Main Karoo Basin except where …
The Permian Tuli Basin is known as the Limpopo-area Karoo Basin, hosting coal resources used to power a coal-fired plant for electricity generation in the northeastern region of South Africa [31 ...
Petrographical and geophysical investigation of the Ecca Group between Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa July 2019 Open Geosciences 11(1):313-326
The present outcrop area of Karoo rocks in southern Africa is about 300 000 km 2 with a maximum thickness of some 8000 m. The economic importance of these sediments lies in the vast reserves of coal within the Ecca Group rocks of northern and eastern Transvaal and Natal, South Africa.
Opencast coal mining in South Africa predominantly takes place in sedimentary Ecca Group rocks of the Karoo Supergroup within the Mpumalanga Province (Hancox and Götz, 2014; Holland et al., 1989 ...
completed to determine economic viability and based on a mine plan, can the coal be classified as a coal reserve. South Africa's coal resources are contained in the Ecca …
South Africa is one of the largest coal producers in the world, where coal mining has been going on a commercial basis since 1857. ... The study area lies within the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group, a subdivision of the Karoo Supergroup, which is of Carboniferous age (320–180 Ma) ...
the coal-bearing sequences of the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group (fig. 2). The Vryheid Formation contains several coarsening-upward sequences with coals in the upper part of each sequence, and the coals ... Basin of South Africa—Type basin for the coal-bearing deposits of southern Africa: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 23, nos ...
South Africa is a large coal producer and consumer. In 2019, it produced 258.9 million tonnes. [1] South Africa is a major exporter of coal into the world market. It is also heavily dependent on coal for power generation and is aiming to rapidly expand its coal-based generation capacity. It is also a major exporter of power to utilities in ...
Dywka Group diamictite with variable sized clasts in a dark matrix, exposed in a roadside quarry near the Ecca Pass (Eastern Cape, South Africa). Basin wide correlation of black shales and coal ...
The lowest layer of the Karoo Supergroup is called Dwyka Tillite. Tillite is a motley collection of debris that is left behind when a glacier melts. This means that South Africa was once as cold as Scotland on a winter's day, and covered in thick glaciers. The Ecca Group of rocks first appear near Sutherland. These ice-sheets were formed ...
The Karoo Basin hosts important coal resources of South Africa (Johnson et al. 1997), namely, the Witbank coalfield comprising the basin's northeastern most economic coal deposits (Snyman 1998). One of the most important coal seams of the Witbank coalfield, the No. 2 coal seam, represents postglacial fluvio-deltaic deposits of the Lower Ecca ...
December 2014 Geophysical and Petrographic Investigation of the Ecca Group of the Karoo Basin in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa N.W. Mupandawana1 and C. Baiyegunhi 2 1,2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Abstract Sampling for this study was conducted within the grid ...
The Karoo Basin hosts important coal resources of South Africa (Johnson et al. 1997), namely, the Witbank coalfield comprising the basin's northeastern most economic coal deposits (Snyman 1998). One of the most important coal seams of the Witbank coalfield, the No. 2 coal seam, represents postglacial fluvio-deltaic deposits of …
These correlate with glauconitic and coal-bearing deposits of the Early Permian Ecca Group in southern Namibia (Kingsley, 1985) and South Africa (LeBlanc-Smith, 1980; Stanistreet eta/,, 1980) (Fig ...
South Africa's coal market, the value chain and the different uses of coal. It also ... South Africa's coal resources are contained in the Ecca deposits, a stratum of the Karoo ... Nozala Coal is a joint venture between Nozala and the NAB Mining Group. Nozala Coal currently has two prospecting rights, one in the Witbank coalfield and the ...
Cause and timing of the thermal over-maturation of hydrocarbon source rocks of the Ecca Group (Main Karoo Basin, South Africa) Mar. Pet. Geol. (2018) ... South Africa. Coal samples were collected at 0.25 m intervals on both sides of the dyke (west and east); in addition to the intruded coals, an unaltered coal from the same seam and a …
a roadside quarry near the Ecca Pass (Eastern Cape, South Africa). 18 Figure 2.9: Basin wide correlation of black s hales and coal seams modified from Ruckwied
Depositional environments recorded in the basin fill range from glacio-marine (Dwyka Group) to marine-deltaic (Ecca Group), to fluvial (Beaufort Group) and aeolian (Stormberg Group). The Ecca Group hosts thick coal-bearing successions in the north-eastern part of the basin and black shales (Ecca shales: Prince Albert, Whitehill, …
In the northeast of the Main Karoo Basin the Ecca Group contains South Africa's' vast economic coal reserves (Hancox and Götz, 2014). Recent global interest in shale gas has brought the Ecca ...
The provenance, palaeoweathering and palaeoredox conditions of sandstones of the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group in the Highveld Coalfield, …
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